Vocabulary
According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary :
Brain Drain is the departure of educated or professional people from one country, economic sector, or field for another usually for better pay or living conditions
Causes of brain drain
Push factors (reasons that are in their countries of origins)
- Unsatisfactory living conditions
- Lack of research and other facilities including support staff
- Declining quality of the educational system
- Social unrest, political conflicts and wars
- Discrimination in appointments and promotions
- Lack of satisfactory working conditions
- Low wages and income
Pull factors (reasons that are in the host countries)
- Higher wages and salaries
- Substantial funds for research, advanced technology, modern facilities
- Political stability
- Better working conditions
- Intellectual freedom
Other Vocabulary related to the unit
- Brain drain: The emigration of educated professionals to other countries
- Physician: A person who practices medicine
- Physicist: An expert in physics
- Scholar: An educated person who has gained mastery in one or more disciplines
- Income: Revenue
- Gain: Obtain something needed or wanted
- Underdeveloped: Not yet fully developed
- Skilled: Having the ability to perform a task expertly and well
- Unskilled: Not having a special skill or training
- Tempting: Highly attractive
Prefixes
- inter: Between, among (intercontinental)
- extra: Outside, beyond (extraterrestrial)
- intra: Within, inside (intracellular)
- under: Less than, insufficient (underpaid)
- over: Excessively, more than (overpopulated)
- super: Above, over, beyond (supersonic)
- hyper: Above, over, excessive (hypersensitive)
Collocation
- Brain drain
- Low pay
- Attract attention
- Developed countries
- High technology
- Skilled workers
- Job opportunities
- Host countries
- Human resources
Expressing concession
Concession is when we have two opposing ideas. We can link them in different ways. Here are some expressions of concessions in sentences.
I like to eat fish but not to catch them.
It was raining; but/ yet/ and yet, Ann went out without an umbrella.
Although / Though/ Even though it was raining, Ann went out without an umbrella.
Despite / In spite of the rain, Ann went out without an umbrella.
It was raining; however, / nevertheless,/ nonetheless, Ann went out without an umbrella.
Note:
In spite of/Despite + Gerund or noun
Although + Subject + verb
Functions: Asking for and giving advice
Asking for and giving advice can be done with different methods. This depends on the formality or informality of the position or situation you are in. Here are some sentences that can help you ask for or give advice.
Asking for advice
- What do you advise me to…….?
- What should I do?
- If you were in my situation, What would you do?
- Do you suggest/have any advice?
- What’s the best/practical advice for this situation?
- I just don’t know what to do.
- How can I……..?
- What would you advise me to do?
- What ought I do?
- What would you do if……?
- Do you think it’s a good idea if I………?
Giving advice
- If I were you, I would………..
- You should…………
- You’d better (not) + (bare infinitive)………………
- Why don’t you………..
- It would be better if you……………..
- I advise you to…………
- In your situation, I would…………….
- Have thought about……………
- Maybe you should……….
Examples of asking for and giving advice
- Speaker 1: I suffer from acne. What should I do?
- Speaker 2: If I were you I would go to a dermatologist.
- Speaker 1: I want to improve my writing skills, do you suggest any advice?
- Speaker 2: In your situation, I would read a lot and practice some writing.
- Speaker 1: I am thinking of leaving Morocco once and for all?
- Speaker 2: You’d better not do it. There no sweet place like home.
Grammar: Relative Clauses
- Both Restrictive and non-restrictive clauses begin with WH-words (who , which, whose……..)
- Restrictive clauses: are not set off by commas, they are dependent, very important and limit the meaning.
- Non-restrictive clauses: are set off by commas, they are independent, not very important to the meaning.
Who = refers to a subject
whom = refers to the object of a sentence
Which = it refers to an object (preferences)
That = people, animals, and things
when = refers to time.
where = refers to place.
Whose = refers to possession
Examples :
- A woman teaches us French. The woman has a beautiful car
the woman who/that teaches us french has a beautiful car
- A bird is on the tree. The bird is singing
The bird which/that is on the tree is singing
- I met a boy yesterday. The boy was my cousin
The boy whom I met yesterday was my cousin
- The government helps poor families. Their children go to school.
the government helps poor families whose children go to school
- Summer is a season. Many people love to go to the beach in summer
Summer is a season when people love to go to the beach
- Morocco is a beautiful country. Many tourists love to spend their holidays in Morocco
Morocco is a beautiful country where many tourists love to spend their holidays in
Writing: Cause and effect essay
In cause/effect essay you discuss the causes (reasons) for something, effects (results) or both causes and effects.
I. Introduction
Explanation of the issue
II. Body
Paragraph one: Causes
A. 1st cause.
B. 2nd cause.
C. 3rd cause.
Paragraph two: effects
D. First effect.
E. Second effect.
F. Third effect.
III. Conclusion
State a summary of your point of view.
——————————————————————-
I. Introduction
…………. is a serious matter/issue/phenomenon that…………threatens/affects…………….negatively/positively. It is the outcome of different reasons and of course, it has several………. effects too. I am going t shed lights on both causes and consequences of ………………...
II. Body
There are several/numerous/plenty of reasons behind ……..(the subject you are discussing) …... To begin with, ……………(1st cause)………………. Next, ……………(2nd cause)……….. In addition to this, ………………(3rd cause)………….(your subject matter)………….leads to different consequences/results/effects. Firstly…………(1st effect)…………………………. Secondly, ……………..(2nd effect)………..Thirdly, ………………………….(3rd effect)…………………………….
III. Conclusion
As mentioned before, ………..(your subject matter)……….has many effects on ………. Hence there are numbers of measures to be taken urgently. First ………………second…………finally……………………..